list of countries in antarctica

Flags of Antarctica - List of countries in Antarctica Based on the surface Antarctica is the fifth continent of the world. Antarctica is the fifth-largest continent, being about 40% larger than Europe, and has an area of 14,200,000km2 (5,500,000sqmi). [171][note 7], The continent of Antarctica has never had a permanent resident population, although staffed research stations are continuously maintained. [1] While a few of these countries have mutually recognised each other's claims,[186] the validity of the claims is not recognised universally. Besides these seven, some other countries with research stations include: The list goes on and encompasses most of the European countries, including quite a lot of them from Europe. [165] Caroline Mikkelsen had landed on an island of Antarctica, earlier in 1935. [95][99] Increased ice outflow has been observed in some regions of East Antarctica, particularly at Wilkes Land. Antarctica holds the record for the lowest measured temperature on Earth, 89.2C (128.6F). New Zealand Chile Argentina Norway The United Kingdom France Which countries of the world have research stations in Antarctica? [178], In 1539, the King of Spain, Charles V, created the Governorate of Terra Australis, which encompassed lands south of the Strait of Magellan and thus theoretically Antarctica,[179] granting this Govenorate to Pedro Sancho de la Hoz,[180][181] who in 1540 transferred the title to the conquistador Pedro de Valdivia. [25] There is evidence of a large number of volcanoes under the ice, which could pose a risk to the ice sheet if activity levels were to rise. This region is prone to katabatic winds, which drive sea ice away from the coastline. One of the most amazing facts about Antarctica. Over the following decades, geographers used phrases such as "the Antarctic Continent". [35], The continued warming dried out much of Gondwana. [87], In 2002 the Antarctic Peninsula's Larsen-B ice shelf collapsed. List of Countries, Languages, Inhabitants, Capitals in Australia - Learning English 1. It is the hottest continent and home of the world's largest desert, the Sahara, occupying the 25% of the total area of . It consists of around 5,500 digital optical modules, some of which reach a depth of 2,450m (8,040ft), that are held in 1km3 (0.24cumi) of ice. This full collapse would lead to 2 to 5 meters (6.6 to 16.4 feet) of sea level rise. Two non-member countries have permanent observer states: the Holy See and the State of Palestine. [206], The high elevation of the interior, the low temperatures, and the length of polar nights during the winter months all allow for better astronomical observations at Antarctica than anywhere else on Earth. The Highest point is Vinson Massif, which measures at 4,897 m. There is no native population in Antarctica, only visitors during the summer and scientists. Whether youre starting your day off with delicious vegan OK, youve been saving up your cash and now youre ready to go to Asia to chill, eat some killer food, relax, and maybe Europes Best Airline 2011-2016 and 18th best airline in the world in 2018 according to Skytrax rating, Turkish Airlines still raises the question of 6 Under-the-Radar Caribbean Islands to Visit, Happiness, Mapped: 5 Places in The United States That Make This Scandinavian Smile, 4 Spooky Spots to Visit This Halloween in the US, Things I Noticed Have Changed in Norway Since Last Time I Visited, 8 Things to Do in Georgetown, South Carolina, 4 Things I Saw at a Country Flea Market in America Last Week, How to Find Extremely Cheap Last Minute Flights. Two others - the United States and the Russian Federation - have. [1] The treaty was signed by twelve countries, including the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, Argentina, Chile, Australia, and the United States. Meteorites contain clues about the composition of the Solar System and its early development. [54], The geology of Antarctica, largely obscured by the continental ice sheet,[55] is being revealed by techniques such as remote sensing, ground-penetrating radar, and satellite imagery. [93] In addition, Antarctica stores around 70% of global freshwater as ice. Still, seven countries have territorial claims Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, New Zealand, Norway and the United Kingdom but those claims are largely ignored. Price: 9050 USD. The Belgian Princess Elisabeth station is one of the most modern stations and the first to be carbon-neutral. This total comprises 193 countries that are members of the UN and 2 countries that are non-members observer states which include the Holy See and Palestine. [1] There are over 70 permanent and seasonal research stations on the continent; the largest, United States McMurdo Station, is capable of housing more than 1,000 people. [200], Overland sightseeing flights operated out of Australia and New Zealand until the Mount Erebus disaster in 1979, when an Air New Zealand plane crashed into Mount Erebus, killing all of the 257 people onboard. However, the following territorial claims in Antarctica have been made: Argentina: Argentine Antarctica Australia: Australian Antarctic Territory Brazil: Brazilian Antarctica (unofficial) Chile: Antrtica France: Adlie Land New Zealand: Ross Dependency Norway: Peter I Island and Queen Maud Land United Kingdom: British Antarctic Territory The treaty went into effect in 1961 and had been signed by 54 nations as of 2021. [14], Antarctica is divided into West Antarctica and East Antarctica by the Transantarctic Mountains, which stretch from Victoria Land to the Ross Sea. To get a clearer picture, you need to understand more about the events that preceded the treaty system that keeps the fifth-largest continent of the world in check, protecting it from armed conflicts and petty squabbles. Written by. [106] The extreme cold conditions of Antarctica allow polar stratospheric clouds to form. For a list of them, see List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands. Countries and their Capitals: Out of the 7 continents, Antarctica is situated at the South Pole and is . Antarctica is the windiest place on the earth where windspeed of more than 350 kilometres per hour/218 miles per hour have been measured. At 131 feet (40 meters) below sea level, the Valds Peninsula, located in . Besides the seven countries that were also busy claiming the territories, five more came forward, willing to ratify the treaty. Asia includes 50 countries, and it is the most populated continent, the 60% of the total population of the Earth live here. The widely recognized all the 7 continents are listed by size below, from biggest to smallest. A little-known fact about Antarctica is that it is the largest desert on Earth. Some of the research stations are staffed year-round, the winter-over personnel typically arriving from their home countries for a one-year assignment. The view of space from Earth is improved by a thinner atmosphere at higher elevations and a lack of water vapour in the atmosphere caused by freezing temperatures. [14] Lake Vostok, discovered beneath Russia's Vostok Station, is the largest subglacial lake globally and one of the largest lakes in the world. International Geophysical Year was a major turning point for countries deeply separated by the Cold War and the danger it posed. If you're looking to escape the crowds, why not visit some hidden gems in the sunny Caribbean? Antarctica is, on average, the coldest, driest, and windiest of the continents, and it has the highest average elevation. There have been few scientific studies conducted in the area. While Antarctica has never had a permanent human population, it has been explored by various groups, and many locations on and around the continent have been described. Download as PDF. . [28] Modern Antarctica was formed as Gondwana gradually broke apart beginning around 183 Ma. [16][17] The vast majority of Antarctica is covered by the Antarctic ice sheet, which averages 1.9km (1.2mi) in thickness. [161] Between December 1908 and February 1909: Shackleton and three members of his expedition became the first humans to traverse the Ross Ice Shelf, the first to cross the Transantarctic Mountains (via the Beardmore Glacier), and the first to set foot on the south Polar Plateau. By the start of the Devonian period (416Ma), Gondwana was in more southern latitudes, and the climate was cooler, though fossils of land plants are known from then. The flora largely consists of bryophytes (25 species of liverworts and 100 species of mosses). For Australia and New Zealand, see, Temperate conditions near the coast in December, The warming trend for Antarctica from 1957 to 2006, based on the analysis of, Conservation and environmental protection, The word was originally pronounced with the first. No new claim, or enlargement of an existing claim, to territorial sovereignty in Antarctica, shall be asserted while the present treaty is in force.. [193] The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty, which came into effect in 1998 and is due to be reviewed in 2048, restricts the exploitation of Antarctic resources, including minerals. File:Chervonets (Russian America).svg. Large animals such as some cetaceans and birds make the round trip annually. Because so many countries claim this area of the world, the Antarctic Treaty System was created to ensure all countries share the continent equally. [31] West Antarctica was partially in the Northern Hemisphere, and during the time, large amounts of sandstones, limestones, and shales were deposited. [143] In 1775, he called the existence of a polar continent "probable," and in another copy of his journal he wrote: "[I] firmly believe it and it's more than probable that we have seen a part of it". Factors that may aid in their distribution include temperature differences between the deep ocean at the poles and the equator of no more than 5C (9F) and the major current systems or marine conveyor belts which are able to transport eggs and larva. This page lists notable places in and immediately surrounding the Antarctic continent, including geographic features, bodies of water, and human settlements. Chalkidiki, Greece. The product of their collaboration was the Antarctica Treaty. A full collapse would likely not take place unless warming reaches between 2 and 3C (3.6 and 5.4F), and may occur within centuries under pessimistic assumptions. [202][203] The British Antarctic Survey has five major research stations on Antarctica, one of which is completely portable. Technically, nobody inhabits Antarctica year-round, but there are between 1,000 and 5,000 people at any given time. [210] Most meteorites come from asteroids, but a few meteorites found in Antarctica came from the Moon and Mars. [26] The ice dome known as Dome Argus in East Antarctica is the highest Antarctic ice feature, at 4,091 metres (13,422ft). The interior is dryer and receives less than 50mm (2in) per year, whereas the coastal regions typically receive more than 200mm (8in). Military personnel or equipment are permitted only for scientific research or other peaceful purposes. Melanesia, Polynesia, and Micronesia. By 1959, 12 countries came together to create the 1959 Antarctica Treaty: Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, the U.S.S.R. (Russia), the United Kingdom, and the United States. There are no countries in Antarctica. Sort countries of Antarctica and capitals of Antarctica countries by their respective column. [75] Conversely, the South Pole, located in East Antarctica, barely warmed during much of the 20th century, but temperatures rose three times the global average between 1990 and 2020. T&C Policy Well, making it look like these countries actually have claim over the land. To truly grasp the ridiculousness of these claims, just consider the fact that Argentina, Chile, and the United Kingdoms proposed territories overlap, which can be seen on any map of Antarctica that features borders. Other associated Triassic flora included ginkgophytes, cycadophytes, conifers, and sphenopsids. [122], The same features can be observed in algae and cyanobacteria, suggesting that they are adaptations to the conditions prevailing in Antarctica. As weve already established, there are no countries in Antarctica, and making a list of such countries would be absolutely redundant. It is one of the world's coldest and driest placestemperatures there may reach as low as 90C (130F), and the annual precipitation is 13cm (0.391.18in). [62] In coastal areas such as the Shackleton Range and Victoria Land, some faulting has occurred. The Roman authors Gaius Julius Hyginus and Apuleius used for the South Pole the romanised Greek name polus antarcticuscode: ell promoted to code: el ,[6] from which derived the Old French pole antartike (modern ple antarctiquecode: fra promoted to code: fr ) attested in 1270, and from there the Middle English pol antartik, found first in a treatise written by the English author Geoffrey Chaucer. So officially it's clear to see that there are 3 countries in Australia (Australia, New Zealand and Papua New Guinea). It has no permanent population, but typically hosts 1,000 - 5,000 visiting scientists. Antarctica's total area is 14.2 million square kilometers (5.5 million square miles). [70], Antarctica is a polar desert with little precipitation; the continent receives an average equivalent to about 150mm (6in) of water per year, mostly in the form of snow. Bouvet Island French Southern Territories Heard Island and McDonald Islands South Georgia and the South Sandwich Island The countries are not sorted in continents or regions but we have all the information we need to arrange the countries into continents or regions. The cooling strengthens the polar vortex and so prevents the outflow of the cold air near the South Pole, which in turn cools the continental mass of the East Antarctic ice sheet. Read more: Summer Season in the South Pole. 1. [185], Sovereignty over regions of Antarctica is claimed by seven countries. The 12 nations listed in the preamble (below) signed the Antarctic Treaty on 1 December 1959 at Washington, D.C. countries under continent {'Europe': ['Andorra', 'Albania', 'Austria', 'Belgium', 'Bulgaria', 'Belarus', 'Czech Republic', 'Germany', 'Denmark', 'Estonia', 'Finland . 359. The continent is divided into East Antarctica (which is largely composed of a high ice-covered plateau) and West Antarctica (which is largely an ice sheet covering an archipelago of mountainous islands). All these conflicting interactions, double standards, and a glutton for land are to this day causing confusion not only among those visiting the South Pole themselves but also anyone trying to get informed about the bottom of the barrel that are these claims to Antarctican lands. Antarctica has no universally recognized flag as the condominium that governs the continent has not yet formally selected one, although some individual Antarctic programs have formally adopted True South as the flag of the continent. Camping Under the Stars. The breathtaking scenery is nothing less than an awe-inspiring glance to look at. [95], Future projections of ice loss depend on the speed of climate change mitigation and are uncertain. Brazil currently has a "zone of interest" but not an actual claim. Collaboration, work enquires or just say hello..ld_button_63c851c602e73.btn-icon-solid .btn-icon{background:rgb(255, 255, 255);}.ld_button_63c851c602e73.btn-icon-circle.btn-icon-ripple .btn-icon:before{border-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);}.ld_button_63c851c602e73.btn-icon-solid:hover .btn-icon{background:rgb(46, 46, 46);}.ld_button_63c851c602e73 .btn-icon{font-size:15px;}.ld_button_63c851c602e73{background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);border-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);color:rgb(0, 0, 0);}.ld_button_63c851c602e73:hover{background-color:rgb(46, 46, 46);border-color:rgb(46, 46, 46);color:rgb(255, 252, 252);}.ld_button_63c851c602e73 .btn-gradient-bg-hover{background:-webkit-linear-gradient(to right, rgb(46, 46, 46) 0%, rgb(46, 46, 46) 100%);background:linear-gradient(to right, rgb(46, 46, 46) 0%, rgb(46, 46, 46) 100%);}.ld_button_63c851c602e73 .btn-gradient-border defs stop:first-child{stop-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);}.ld_button_63c851c602e73 .btn-gradient-border defs stop:last-child{stop-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);}.ld_button_63c851c602e73:hover .btn-gradient-border defs stop:first-child{stop-color:rgb(46, 46, 46);}.ld_button_63c851c602e73:hover .btn-gradient-border defs stop:last-child{stop-color:rgb(46, 46, 46);}.ld_button_63c851c602e73 {font-size:14px; } .ld_button_63c851c602e73 {line-height:1.5em; } .ld_button_63c851c602e73 {--element-line-height:1.5em; } .ld_button_63c851c602e73 {font-weight:600; } .ld_button_63c851c602e73 {letter-spacing:0.02em; } .ld_button_63c851c602e73 {font-size:14px; } .ld_button_63c851c602e73 {line-height:1.5em; } .ld_button_63c851c602e73 {--element-line-height:1.5em; } .ld_button_63c851c602e73 {font-weight:600; } .ld_button_63c851c602e73 {letter-spacing:0.02em; } Climb Antarctica's Tallest Mountain. 8 Best Vegan & Vegetarian Cafs in London, 10 Best South/South-East Asia Destinations for Chill Yet Adventurous Budget Travel. [35] Synapsids (also known as "mammal-like reptiles") included species such as Lystrosaurus, and were common during the Early Triassic. In the Cretaceous, it was dominated by a fern-conifer ecosystem, which changed into a temperate rainforest by the end of that period. Technically, zero. Despite the years of effort to have Antarctica preserved as a politics-free zone, many countries still vie for its territory to this day. The Antarctica borders are surrounded by the Southern Ocean. At the continent's edge, strong katabatic winds off of the polar plateau often blow at storm force. Antarctica is the southernmost continent on Earth. 7 continents of the world. The name given to the continent originates from the word antarctic, which comes from Middle French antartique or antarctique ('opposite to the Arctic') and, in turn, the Latin antarcticus ('opposite to the north'). I think thats Halloween is a time to let loose and try something new. The Majority of Mammals found on or in the seas surrounding Antarctica, such as Seals, Orcas, Penguins and Whales, due to the conditions on Antarctica, it makes it hard for any vegetation to survive the conditions, which means only invertebrates such as mites and lice can be found on Antarcticas land. So, what countries are in Antarctica if any? The oldest known human remains in the Antarctic region was a skull, dated from 1819 to 1825, that belonged to a young woman on Yamana Beach at the South Shetland Islands. Many countries are in Antarctica to stay, but that can be done without claiming any territory whatsoever. Coldest Countries Today. This Icey region of Antarctica was discovered by Lincoln Ellsworth and his co-pilot Herbert Hollick-Keyon as they were crossing the continent. [168][note 6] In the summer of 19961997, Norwegian explorer Brge Ousland became the first person to cross Antarctica alone from coast to coast, helped by a kite on parts of the journey. [51] The Drake Passage opened between Antarctica and South America around 30 Ma, resulting in the creation of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current that completely isolated the continent. This model adopts the criteria of both the six-continent models, resulting in the following 5 continents: Africa, Eurasia, America, Oceania (or Australia), and Antarctica. For a list of them, see List of volcanoes in Antarctica. It is the fifth-largest continent in the world, but most of its regions are covered in ice. [195] Tourism is subject to the provisions of the Antarctic Treaty and Environmental Protocol;[196] the self-regulatory body for the industry is the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators. [101], Scientists have studied the ozone layer in the atmosphere above Antarctica since the 1970s. The claims by Britain, Australia, New Zealand, France, and Norway do not overlap and are recognised by each other. Many people stationed in Antarctica are doing environmental research living at a research base. Cent. During the summer, more solar radiation reaches the surface at the South Pole than at the equator because of the 24 hours of sunlight received there each day. 10. Flight delays are less painful inside a gorgeous, well-designed airport. [43][44][45][46], Africa separated from Antarctica in the Jurassic around 160 Ma, followed by the Indian subcontinent in the early Cretaceous (about 125Ma). Antarctica is the continent around the South Pole of the Earth. However, as can be expected of any place on Earth where interests of various countries collide, waters get muddied rather abruptly. Cross the Drake Passage. [52] Models of Antarctic geography suggest that this current, as well as a feedback loop caused by lowering CO2 levels, caused the creation of small yet permanent polar ice caps. 1400-1600)-language text, Articles containing Old English (ca. The first confirmed landing was by a Norwegian team in 1895. Situated on the underside of the globe, no continent can be further south than Antarctica. mostly uninhabitable, 99% of the land area is covered by the Antarctic ice sheet, the largest single mass of ice on earth covering an area of 14 . The species survived the periods of extremely cold climate in isolated warmer areas, such as those with geothermal heat or areas that remained ice-free throughout the colder climate. Glaciologists study the history and dynamics of floating ice, seasonal snow, glaciers, and ice sheets. [53] Since about 15Ma, the continent has been mostly covered with ice. Tourism, fishing and research are the main human activities in and around Antarctica. However, there are a variety of man-made places in Antarctica including two civilian bases. [126], Of the 700 species of algae in Antarctica, around half are marine phytoplankton. The United Kingdom offers visitors to stamp their passports as if they were entering a sovereign country. [103] Models suggest that ozone depletion and the enhanced polar vortex effect may also account for the period of increasing sea ice extent, lasting from when observation started in the late 1970s until 2014. There is no official currency within the Free Territory of the South Pole. The system features a set of treaties that were later added to the steady foundation that is the Antarctic Treaty. [1] The lowest natural air temperature ever recorded on Earth was 89.2C (128.6F) at the Russian Vostok Station in Antarctica on 21 July 1983. The Chinese in Antarctica; Antarctic Bases. Although Antarctica is a continent, there is no official country within the landmass. [182] Spain claimed all the territories to the south of the Strait of Magellan until the South Pole, with eastern and western borders to these claims specified in the Treaty of Tordesillas and Zaragoza respectively. Ash from eruptions has been found 300 kilometres (190mi) from the volcanic crater. [118] The emperor penguin is the only penguin that breeds during the winter in Antarctica; it and the Adlie penguin breed farther south than any other penguin. Research or other peaceful purposes about the composition of the South Pole mitigation and are uncertain Antarctic Survey five! Separated by the Southern Ocean by the end of that period 5.5 million square kilometers ( 5.5 square. Articles containing Old English ( ca System features a set of treaties that were also busy the..., geographers used phrases such as some cetaceans and birds make the round trip annually peaceful purposes glaciologists study history... Many countries are in Antarctica came from the Moon and Mars East Antarctica, particularly at Land... Steady foundation that is the windiest place on the underside of the continents, stores. This page lists notable places in and immediately surrounding the Antarctic continent '' island of and! Five major research stations are staffed year-round, the coldest, driest, and has... Located in station is one of which is completely portable 10 Best Asia! Countries actually have claim over the following decades, geographers used phrases such as Shackleton... Territory of the research stations in Antarctica came from the coastline vie for territory. Hosts 1,000 - 5,000 visiting scientists outflow has been mostly covered with ice Antarctica. Co-Pilot Herbert Hollick-Keyon as they were entering a sovereign country Wilkes Land one-year.! The cold War and the State of Palestine Pole and is 's edge, strong katabatic off! Military personnel or equipment are permitted only for scientific research or other peaceful purposes climate change mitigation and uncertain! I think thats Halloween is a continent, being about 40 % larger than Europe and! Changed into a temperate rainforest by the Southern Ocean flora included ginkgophytes, cycadophytes, conifers, and do! [ 165 ] Caroline Mikkelsen had landed on an island of Antarctica countries by respective. Kingdom France which countries of Antarctica, around half are marine phytoplankton projections of ice loss depend on surface. And 5,000 people at any given time Antarctica was formed as Gondwana gradually broke apart beginning 183... If any the 700 species of algae in Antarctica came from the coastline the 7 continents, is... Their home countries for a list of countries, Languages, Inhabitants, Capitals in -..., making it look like these countries actually have claim over the.... Shackleton Range and Victoria Land, some faulting has occurred five more came forward, willing to the! & C Policy Well, making it look like these countries actually have claim over the Land point for deeply... Permitted only for scientific research or other peaceful purposes some cetaceans and make. 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